radicalize_radicalism怎么读

1.求英文,关于PVC地板革方面的

2.马丁.路德.金的《我有一个梦想》 写英语读书报告（即读后感） 必须是英文的，500字

Purpose:Research slice medicine smooth to domestic rabbit small intestines muscle sport function of the influence combine first step to inquiry into its possible function mechanism.

Method:Health New Zealand the rabbit is 56, the dissimilarity which presses experimental methods is divided into random a set at the body experiment and leaves a body experiment set.At body experiment set New Zealand the rabbit is 17, ising divided into matched control(A set)8 random, the experiment set(B set) is 9.Pass a stomach tube to infuse into the liquid of the mixture liquid ink of physiology brine or morphine total 5 milliliterses respectively, 30 impatient the propulsion sentenced to death diagraph liquid ink to take care of in the bowel after minute distance, compute liquid ink's propulsion rate in small intestines.Leave a body experiment a set New Zealand a rabbit is 28, is divided into a matched control(C set), low density morphine set(L set), medium density morphine set(M set), high density morphine set(H set) random, 纳洛 the 酮 add medium density morphine set(NM set), give an article to add medium density morphine set(AM set), give article and 纳洛酮 to add medium density morphine set(CM set), each 4.The domestic rabbit acute is after sentencing to death make to leave the body small intestines bowel tube to infuse to flow model, the different density medicine that design according to each one respectively perhaps different medicine prepares processing juniors line to leave the body bowel tube constant temperature, 恒 soon infuse to flow, after treating to infuse to flow balance make use of Medlab living creature signal collect system collect leave the body bowel tube 纵 , the wreath form muscle tension and frequency to change curve, analytical it to leave body small intestines bowel a tube 纵 , wreath form muscle constringency of the tension and the frequency variety.

Result:(1)Small intestines propulsion rate comparison: And A set comparison, B set small intestines propulsion the rate lowers obviously, the difference has covariance to learn meaning.(P<0.05)(2)Different density morphine to leave the body bowel tube 纵 , the wreath form muscle tension and frequency to influence a comparison:M set, the H set bowel tube 纵 form muscle the tension is obviously high in the C set, the difference has covariance to learn meaning(P<0.05), each comparison difference of the frequency variety have no the covariance learn meaning.L set, M set, the H set bowel tube wreath form muscle the tension is obviously high in the C set(P<0.05), each frequency comparison difference has no covariance to learn meaning.(3)Win density morphine to the influence comparison which leaves the body bowel tube 纵 form muscle tension and frequency after the different medicine function:And M set comparison, the NM set, AM set, the CM set bowel tube 纵 form muscle tension lowers obviously;(P<0.05)And C set comparison, the CM set bowel tube 纵 form muscle tension lowers obviously.(P<0.05)AM set, frequency and M set of the CM set bowel tube 纵 form muscle and C set lower more and all and obviously.(P<0.05)(4)Win density morphine to the influence comparison which leaves the body bowel tube wreath form muscle tension and frequency after the different medicine function:And M set comparison, the NM set, AM set, the CM set bowel tube wreath form muscle tension lowers obviously;(P<0.05)And C set comparison, the AM set, the CM set bowel tube 纵 form muscle tension lowers obviously.(P<0.05)AM set, frequency and M set of the CM set bowel tube wreath form muscle and C set lower more and all and obviously.(P<0.05)

Conclusion:Slice medicine the morphine can repress domestic rabbit to take care of in the body bowel of push forward sport, can present amount of dependence to increase high domestic rabbit to leave the body bowel tube 纵 , wreath form muscle tension.Its bowel way function in addition to with slice medicine and bowel way the slice regulates B 酰胆 alkali and releases after being subjected to the body combine relevant may also include other mechanisms and participate outside.

没有糊弄你 不会的词我用汉语表示了

求英文,关于PVC地板革方面的

"You on vacation?" my neighbor asked.

My 15-month-old son and I were passing her yard on our daily hike through the

neighborhood. It was a weekday afternoon and I was the only working-age male in

sight.

"I'm, uh . . . working out of my house now," I told her.

Thus was born my favorite euphemism for house fatherhood, one of those new

life-style occupations that is never merely mentioned. Explained, yes. Defended.

Even rhapsodized about. Or in my case, fibbed about. I was tongue-tied then, but

no longer. People are curious and I've learned to oblige.

I joined up earlier this year when I quit my job--a dead-end, ulcer-producing

affair that had dragged on interminably. I left to be with my son until

something better came along. And if nothing did, I'd be with him

indefinitely.

This was no simple transition. I had never known a house father, never met

one. I'd only read about them. They were another news magazine trend. Being a

traditionalist, I never dreamed I'd take the plunge.

But as the job got worse, I gave it serious thought. And more thought. And in

the end, I still felt ambivalent. This was a radical change that seemed to carry

as many drawbacks as benefits. My dislike for work finally pushed me over the

edge. That, and the fact that we had enough money to get by.

Escaping the treadmill was a bold stroke. I had shattered my lethargy and

stopped whining, and for that I was proud.

Some friends said they were envious. Of course they weren't quitting one job

without one waiting--the ultimate in middle-class taboos. That ran through my

mind as I triumphantly, and without notice, tossed the letter of resignation on

my boss' desk. Then I walked away wobbly-kneed.

person besides Mama. It hurt when I couldn't quiet his crying.

I sensed that staying home would be therapeutic. The chronic competitiveness

and aggressiveness that had served me well as a daily journalist would subside.

Something better would emerge, something less obnoxious. My ulcer would heal.

Instead of beating deadlines, I'd be doing something important for a change.

This was heresy coming from a newspaper gypsy, but it rang true.

There was unease, too. I'd be adrift, stripped of the home-office-home

routine that had defined my existence for more than a decade. No more earning a

living. No benchmarks. Time would be seamless. Would Friday afternoons feel the

same?

马丁.路德.金的《我有一个梦想》 写英语读书报告（即读后感） 必须是英文的，500字

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Polyvinyl Chloride Floor Cover

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Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC Polychloroethene) commonly abbreviated PVC, is a widely used thermoplastic polymer. In terms of revenue generated, it is one of the most valuable products of the chemical industry. Around the world, over 50% of PVC manufactured is used in construction. As a building material, PVC is cheap, durable, and easy to assemble. In recent years, PVC has been replacing traditional building materials such as wood, concrete and clay in many areas.

Polyvinyl chloride is used in a variety of applications. As a hard plastic, it is used as vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards, window profiles, gramophone records (which is the source of the term vinyl records), pipe, plumbing and conduit fixtures. The material is often used in Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems for pipelines in the water and sewer industries because of its inexpensive nature and flexibility. PVC pipe plumbing is typically white, as opposed to ABS, which is commonly available in grey and black, as well as white.

It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely-used being phthalates. In this form, it is used in clothing and upholstery, and to make flexible hoses and tubing, flooring, to roofing membranes, and electrical cable insulation. It is also commonly used in figurines.

Polyvinyl chloride is produced by polymerization of the monomer vinyl chloride, as shown. Since about 57% of its mass is chlorine, creating a given mass of PVC requires less petroleum than many other polymers.

History

Polyvinyl chloride was accidentally discovered on at least two different occasions in the 19th century, first in 1835 by Henri Victor Regnault and in 1872 by Eugen Baumann. On both occasions, the polymer appeared as a white solid inside flasks of vinyl chloride that had been left exposed to sunlight. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC (polyvinyl chloride) in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer blocked their efforts. In 1926, Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method to plasticize PVC by blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily-processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use.

Polyvinyl chloride is one of our most common synthetic materials. Commonly known as “PVC” or “vinyl,” polyvinyl chloride is a tremendously versatile resin, appearing in thousands of different formulations and configurations. In the U.S. we produced over ten billion pounds of PVC resins in 1992. Among plastics, it is second in quantity only to polyethylene. PVC is by far the most common plastic used in construction, where 6.3 billion pounds of resin were used in 1992. PVC compounds (the resin combined with various additives) turn up in applications as varied as sewer pipes, wire sheathing, flooring and weather-stripping (see table).

While some vinyl products such as siding and flooring have long had critics, recently the entire PVC industry has come under fire for environmental reasons. The loudest of these recent attacks are aimed not only at PVC but at the broader issue of chlorine use in industrial society. As reported in recent issues of EBN, Greenpeace is calling for the phase-out of all chlorine-based industries, including PVC, for a range of health and environmental reasons. Groups that are less political than Greenpeace have also spoken out against chlorine use, though not as strongly against PVC in particular. These include the International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes (IJC) and the American Public Health Association (APHA).

In the wake of all this publicity, many builders and architects are questioning the wisdom of specifying materials made from PVC and looking into alternatives. To make intelligent choices, however, especially in such a contentious debate, it’s useful to know some of the background.

How It’s Made

PVC is comprised of chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. The chlorine most often comes from a brine solution of common rock salt (sodium chloride). The chlorine is separated by electrolysis: a strong electric current across the liquid solution attracts sodium ions to the (negatively charged) cathode, while chlorine collects at the anode.

Until recently the electrolysis required the use of liquid mercury as the cathode, and traces of toxic mercury frequently contaminated by-products and liquid effluents. Most manufacturers no longer use mercury; however, in 1992 only 14% of U.S. chlorine production used mercury.

The most common chlorine separation process today, used in 77% of U. S. production, relies on a diaphragm in the electrolysis tank. A newer, membrane-based method is being adopted at all new facilities because it is both more energy-efficient and produces higher value by-products than the other systems. This membrane technology accounts for about 7% of chlorine production.

The PVC industry is the largest single consumer of industrial chlorine worldwide, using about 30% of all chlorine produced. The remainder goes into paper production, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and a huge range of other products and processes. Some chlorine-based refrigerants and propellants (CFCs and HCFCs) are being phased out due to concern about their damage to the ozone layer.

In addition to chlorine, the electrolysis of salt creates caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), used in making soaps, paper, and rayon, and as a neutralizer in many other industries. While initially chlorine was an unwanted by-product of caustic soda production, demand for chlorine has increased so much that caustic soda has become relatively inexpensive, leading to its use in more and more processes.

PVC resin is 57% chlorine by weight. The rest is hydrogen and carbon, which are derived from fossil fuels: primarily natural gas and petroleum. Almost all PVC today is made from ethylene, which is the petrochemical of choice for many industrial processes. In the U.S. ethylene is made by cracking ethane in a reactor at about 800°C. (Ethane is a lightweight hydrocarbon that is extracted during the refining of natural gas.) Many of the by-products of ethylene manufacture (olefins, diolefins, and methane) are used in other industries. An older process of producing vinyl chloride by combining chlorine with acetylene, while no longer competitive with the ethylene-based process, is still used at one or two existing plants where the large infrastructure investment has locked the manufacturer into that process.

Ethylene and chlorine are combined to make 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC), which is then converted to vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride, commonly referred to in the industry as VCM (for “vinyl chloride monomer”), is a gas at normal temperature and pressure. The by-product of converting EDC to vinyl chloride is hydrochloric acid.

EDC is made from ethylene and chlorine by two processes: direct chlorination, which uses pure chlorine; and oxychlorination, in which ethylene is combined with hydrochloric acid (see formulas). The oxychlorination process takes place at higher temperatures and produces many more toxic by-products than direct chlorination; it is done primarily to utilize the hydrochloric acid by-product from the conversion of EDC to vinyl chloride.

PVC is produced by combining vinyl chloride into chains or polymers. Several different processes are used for polymerization, each of which gives the polymer different properties. By far the most common is the suspension process. Vinyl chloride is stirred into water, together with small amounts of methyl cellulose and organic peroxides, agents that initiate polymerization and keep the polymerized particles from conglomerating. The contents of the polymerization chamber have to be stirred vigorously throughout the six- to eight-hour process. In addition, the process must be cooled constantly, since it generates heat on the order of 660 Btus/lb of PVC. Cooling is accomplished by running water through the sides of the polymerization tanks, using about 30 gallons of water per pound of PVC produced.

The process is terminated when about 90% of the vinyl chloride has polymerized. Leftover vinyl chloride monomer is drawn off using a vacuum and largely recovered. Until recently, traces of vinyl chloride remained in the PVC material. The realization that vinyl chloride tended to leach into food or water from PVC containers, combined with the discovery that it is carcinogenic, have led to strict controls on the amount of residual vinyl chloride in PVC, especially containers for food and water.

To meet these requirements, PVC manufacturers have added a separate steam-stripping process to remove almost all residual monomer from the PVC. After the stripping, the PVC is in the form of small particles suspended in water. These are spun dry in a centrifuge and then air-dried before packaging.

Besides the suspension process, two other polymerization processes create PVC for certain applications. An emulsion process is used to produce finer particles of PVC, which are used for vinyl pastes—also called plastisols—from which some vinyl flooring is made. A mass process is simpler, though it is less flexible in terms of adding copolymers (other plastic resins mixed with the PVC to enhance certain properties). Mass polymerization accounts for about 20% of the PVC manufactured in the U.S.

History of the PVC Industry

PVC was first produced in a laboratory in 1872. It began to be produced commercially in the 1930s, when techniques for mixing it with plasticizers became known and PVC emerged as a substitute for rubber. During World War II, German scientists developed PVC pipe for water supply systems when material shortages limited conventional pipe supplies.

In the 1950s and 1960s many U.S. companies established facilities for polymerizing vinyl chloride into PVC. At that time the polymerization was done in open vats, requiring relatively little capitalization. High levels of worker exposure to vinyl chloride in the process were not considered hazardous, though they typically produced a narcotic effect. “We used to joke about getting a cheap high from it,” says Professor Rudolph Deanin of the University of Massachusetts at Lowell, who worked in PVC production during that period.

In 1971 a rare cancer of the liver, angiosarcoma, was traced to vinyl chloride exposure among PVC workers, and strict workplace exposure limits were established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). These restrictions necessitated radical changes in the manufacturing environment— all polymerization vats had to be sealed and controlled. The cost of these changes and the increasing economies of scale enjoyed at larger plants eventually eliminated smaller producers, who either shut down their PVC production facilities or were bought out by the larger producers.

Today the North American PVC market is dominated by about a dozen large manufacturers. A few of these, such as Occidental Petroleum, Inc., operate facilities for all phases of the process, from chlorine and ethylene production to end products. Most, however, purchase some of the refined materials from other producers. Dow Chemical Company produces large quantities of vinyl chloride for sale to other companies but produces no PVC itself.

Additives

PVC resin alone is not all that useful. It mixes with additives relatively easily, however, lending a broad range of PVC compounds with various properties. Actual PVC resin often comprises only about 70% of PVC end-products and sometimes as little as 35% or 40%. The PVC may be mixed with other polymer resins during its production (copolymers), or any of a huge range of additives that are mixed in later. The most common additives include plasticizers, which give PVC the flexibility associated with many vinyl products, and stabilizers, which reduce its tendency to degrade under various conditions. The process of mixing these additives with the PVC is called compounding. Compounding may be done by the PVC manufacturers, by companies specializing in this process alone, or by the producers of end-products.

Plasticizers

Plasticizers comprise a huge range of chemicals, mostly derived from fossil-fuel. They are used in all PVC products that require flexibility, such as electrical cables, hoses, gaskets, and vinyl sheet flooring. Plasticizers are used with other plastic resins as well, but the PVC industry consumes the vast majority (about 80%) of all plasticizers. While PVC is inherently fire-resistant because of its high chlorine content, the addition of plasticizers reduces this resistance and makes it necessary to add fire-retardants as well.

The most common traditional plasticizer is known as DOP or DEHP (for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate). About nine million tons of DOP are produced annually worldwide. DOP was identified as a suspected carcinogen in 1987, and its use in medical blood bags was suspended when it was found to be leaching into the stored blood. There are also concerns about DOP released into the environment. The EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reports that over one million pounds of DOP were released into the air in 1991.

Stabilizers

Stabilizers are added to PVC to reduce degradation, primarily from heat or ultraviolet light. The main chemical function of stabilizers is to prevent the formation of hydrochloric acid within the PVC (or absorb any that is formed), because the acid promotes degradation of the material.

Traditionally, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead were used as stabilizers. Due to concerns about the toxicity of these elements, the industry has been switching to alternatives for many applications. Nevertheless, a recent article in Plastics Engineering reports that 15% of all the cadmium in municipal solid waste incinerator ash comes from PVC products. Lead also continues to be used in large-diameter pipes and in insulation for electrical cables (see page 15). Common replacements for these metals are calcium-zinc and barium-zinc formulations. Higher costs and technical difficulties are the reasons cited for not using these alternatives in all applications.

Other additives

The list of other additive categories for PVC products is lengthy: processing aids, impact modifiers, pigments, inert fillers such as chalk, lubricants that aid in extrusion, flame retardants, smoke suppressants, biocides. These additives are generally used in much smaller quantities than the plasticizers and stabilizers, and most of them are also used in compounds based on other (non-PVC) plastic resins.

太长了，自己去抄：另外参考：

History of PVC floor cover (PDF Magazine): building products:

NOT JUST A DREAM

Martin Luther King is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.

We all know about Dr King’s civil rights work, and his I HAVE A DREAM speech. But did we all know that he had two other dreams? WHERE DO WE COME FROM HERE? that explains Dr King’s vision for the end of poverty has been out of print 40 years. He not only focused on Civil Rights, but illustrated a sort of socialist vision for an integrated society. We could have ended poverty a decade ago, except we choose to attach Iraq and blow up a trillion dollars doing it instead of ending poverty. Dr. King provided a snapshot of where Americans were in 1967. Two turning points had been reached. First, his program of nonviolent direct action was clearly winning the struggle against old fashioned southern segregation, and Dr. King was looking toward the next step. He believed that the next logical step toward setting people free was a massive program addressing the problem of poverty. Second, within the civil rights movement, a "black power" mentality was gaining prominence. Some argued that whites should be excluded from the civil rights movement, and that nonviolence should be abandoned. Dr. King insisted that this approach would only balkanize our country, having disastrous effect, especially on blacks.

He brings us to the question of what African-Americans should do with their new, dearly fought for freedoms found in laws such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. All Americans black and white must unite in order to fight poverty and create a new equality of opportunity. King is neither a Marxist nor a doctrinaire socialist; he instead advocates for a united social movement that would act within both the Republican and Democratic parties.

He rightly concluded the riots of 1966 and thereafter was "uprisings" against the awful reality that African American equality must a go along with adequate wages, quality schools, and decent houses. All initial aims of the Johnson

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administration. African Americans were impossible without meaningful creation of jobs, quality education, and a radical change of the forms and vigorous confrontation with and the elimination over time of American racism. King asserts that capitalism itself would have be hugely revamped so it is more inclusive, and, lastly, American militarism is not only brutal to American y